Tabbara+SS+-+Lucy

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= = =__LUCY LIM__ =

= = 
 * We****lcome to my page Mr. Tabbara!** 



= ANCIENT GREECE =

= = =__Assignment 4 __= Answer the following questions **in your notebook**. Make sure your answers are **clear** and **detailed**.
 * 1) What type of government did you work under as you built your acropolis?
 * 2) How did you feel working under this type of government? **Be honest :), specific, and detailed in your answer.**
 * 3) **Explain clearly** at least two advantages to working under this type of government?
 * 4) **Explain clearly** at least two disadvantages to working under this type of government?
 * 5) Which one of the types of governments we learned about would you like to be a citizen of? Why?

Answers: 1. I worked in a democracy. 2. I felt good because in other groups like Anarchy, Monarchy, and Oligarchy, you never know what might happen. The king may want you to build with very delicate and dangerous things, or fate may give u diseases. 3. In a democracy, we can give opinions. Also, we don't have to ask the king everything and be controlled. 4. In a democracy, there may be disagreements with people. Also, some people may rebel and from a group. 5. I would like to be a democracy. It seems like the fairest way, because everyone can have rights to speak.

=__Assignment 2__= Directions: Read the following information about the Minoans and the Mycenaeans and then answer the questions that follow **in your notebook**.

The Minoans:** Minoan culture developed on the island of Crete in approximately 3,000 B.C.E. Minoan palace murals (wall paintings) and painted pottery show us a great sea culture, fueled by fishing, farming, and local arts. The Minoans were master sailors and set up long-distance trade routes with Spain, Egypt, Canaan, and Asia Minor. Socially, the Minoans were an egalitarian (equal) culture, with both men and women holding respected positions in the fields of religion, agriculture, and craft work. Recreation enjoyed by the Minoans included dancing to music and song, "bull-leaping" - and boxing, complete with boxing gloves and mouth guards. The remarkable peace-loving character of the Minoan civilization is obvious because they didn't have fortresses, war equipment, and painted battle scenes among the remains of their settlements. The Minoan civilization is historically important to Greece because it was the model for the Mycenaean (pronounced my-sih-NEE-in) civilization which is considered the earliest developed culture on mainland Greece.
 * __The Origins of the Greeks__

Mycenae was settled in 2,700 B.C.E. Most of the myths about ancient Greek heroes and their famous battles come to us from the Mycenaeans. Later Greek poets such as Homer used these tales in their writings. The Mycenaeans spoke an early form of the Greek language, and developed an agricultural economy based on grains, grapes, and olives. Like the Minoans, they traded by sea with Egypt and Asia Minor. Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans devoted most of their energies to developing a strong military. The circular royal tombs of Mycenae reveal collections of decorated uniforms, elaborate helmets, chariots, daggers, and axes. Horses were also extremely important to the Mycenaeans, as they were the vehicles of war. Mycenaean documents suggest that their society was hierarchical, with kings and soldiers in positions of power at the top of society, and prisoners of war who became slaves at the bottom of society who served the kings and soldiers. Other than artwork showing religious festivals and musical performances, very few artifacts of entertainment were left by the Mycenaeans.
 * The Mycenaeans:**

//1. What did the Minoan and the Mycenaean civilizations have in common?// //2. In what ways were the Minoan and the Mycenaean civilizations different?// //3. Why do you think so many aspects of Minoan civilization are found at Mycenae?// //4. What other geographical areas, besides Mycenae, might Minoan civilization have influenced?// //5. What aspects of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations would you expect to have survived in later periods of Greek history?// //6. Using your **textbook pages 256-257**, explain how the decline of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans was similar.//

=__**Assignment 1**__=
 * Source 1:** []


 * Source 2:** []


 * Directions:** Using **both** sources above, neatly and clearly label the following on your scribble map.
 * Greece (text label)
 * Athens (marker)
 * Corinth (marker)
 * Sparta (marker)
 * Mount Olympus (text label)
 * Crete (text label)
 * Knossos (its' a city on Crete) (marker)
 * the Aegean Sea (text label)
 * the Black Sea (text label)
 * the Ionian Sea (text label)

= ANCIENT INDIA =

=__Assignment 10__= Now that we are finished our unit about ancient India, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned. Please answer clearly and with details. Each answer must be at least two sentences. If you need reminders of what we did, just scroll through the assignments on this page or look through your notes.

1. The single most important thing I learned was that India used to be separated into small kingdoms. I though India was always united.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was about the scientific advances of India. My sage wasn't that clear.

3. What surprised me the most was that ancient Indians knew many of the planets. I never knew that they were that advanced in technology.

4. I would like to know more about the literature and religious arts of India. I would like to hear more epics, because the "Ramayana" was very interesting.

5. The part that I think I will always remember is that after Asoka became Buddhist, he became nicer towards his fellow citizens. It is significant because it shows how religion can change people.

=__Assignment 8__= Write your answers for this assignment in your **NOTEBOOK**.
 * Sources:**
 * 1. Online Textbook page 157
 * 2. Online Textbook pages 158-159
 * Directions:**

__Part 1__ Using source number 1, write your own clear and complete sentences using of the following words. Remember that your sentences should show that you know the meanings of the words. __Part 2__ Using source number 2, write about the following: >> __Part 3__ Using source number 2, create a clear and neat Venn diagram showing the differences and similarities between Hinduism and Buddhism.
 * fasting
 * meditation
 * The Four Noble Truths
 * Summarize in 3-4 sentences
 * Give one real-world example for each truth
 * The Eightfold Path
 * Summarize in 3-4 sentences
 * Explain how you are following at least three of the eight parts of the path in your life today
 * Explain how you are NOT following two of the eight parts of the path in your life today

Website: [|India-Government]
 * __ Assignment 5 __**

Use the website above to answer these questions.

1. Why would having a central government help in planning and organizing a city? Having a central government help planning and organizing a city because cities will have similar layouts and easy to take care of. People will have rules to follow. 2. Who were Rajahs? Rajahs are rulers of cities. 3. What is a Guru? A Guru is a type of a teacher. 4. What subjects were taught in school? Subjects about religious things. 5. Who was in charge of the government? The priests were in charge of the government. 6. Why did people look up to the priests? The priest were in the highest social level and they made offerings to the gods. 7. Look up the word 'sage' in any dictionary. What does it mean and what word from questions 1-6 is it similar to? A sage is a wise, old man. They are similar to priests.

**Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.** 1. What varna were you in during the caste system simulation? I was a Kshatriya in the simulation. 2. What was your favorite part about the caste system simulation? Why? My favorite part of the activity was watching people do things because of the Brahmins because I didn't foresee the task that was approaching me. 3. What part of the simulation made you angry, upset, or frustrated? Why? The part where brahmins made us do something made me very mad because I had to DANCE WITH A TREE. Also, it wasn't just dancing, it was slow dancing. Also, watching my friends bow to the brahmins was not good to see. 4. Do you think this system is fair? Why or why not? I think the system is unfair because all the classes escpet the bramins had to give the bramins things and had to listen to them. 5. Do you think a society should organize people into social classes? Why or Why not? I think a society should not have social classes because humans were born equally, and should be treated equally.
 * __ Assignment 4 __**

Think about the activity we did in class as archeologists in Mohenjo-Daro. Using the source above, your ideas, and the notes you took about archeologists ideas, answer the following questions __clearly__ and __completely__ on your wiki page. **Each answer should be at least two sentences long with specific information.**
 * __ Assignment 3 __**
 * Source:** [[image:http://c1.wikicdn.com/i/mime/32/application/pdf.png width="32" height="32" link="http://kis6ss.wikispaces.com/file/view/Archeologists+Ideas+Mohenjo-Daro.pdf"]] [|Archeologists Ideas Mohenjo-Daro.pdf]

1. What have you learned about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro from this activity? I learned that in Mohenjo-Daro, they played games. I can prove this because Station G had game boards people used. Also, I think they farmed because in Station A and G, there are proof of grains and agriculture. They had carts for transportation. They had indoor bathrooms. Also, they had drains all over the city for cleaning the city. 2. Which characteristics of civilization do you see represented in the artifacts you looked at? Explain. Mohenjo-Daro had a government because in Station C, they have a statue of a King. Mohenjo-Daro has a regular food supply because in Station A they had weights for trading and station H shows that they also traded with oxen. Mohenjo-Daro has different jobs because in Station C, there are necklaces and in Station H, there is a clay model and farmers. It show that they had craftsmen and farmers. They had different social levels exist in Mohenjo-Daro because in Station C, there is a necklace and arcahaeologist predict that RICH people wore the necklaces. Also, they had priest-king, a higher social leveled person. Mohenjo-Daro had higle developed culture because they have drains all over the cities as shown in Station E and houses in Station F. They had pictograms. They also had various Statues. In Station D, you can see their own language! Mohenjo-Daro has a religious system because in the Great bath, (Station B) they purified themselves by going in the water. 3. In what ways do you think Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city? Mohenjo-Daro is like a modern city because they have drains like us. They take out the dirty water from homes. They also have windows in their houses and streets. People make accessories like necklaces. They also have religion. 4. Why do you think it is difficult for us to know exactly what life was like in ancient civilizations like those in the Indus-Sarasvati region? I think it is difficult because we do not understand their language. In Station D, there are letters on the seal, which archaeologists believe that it is Mohenjo-Darian language. If you new how to read them like how we have the Rosetta Stone, we will understand their culture better. 5. What do you think might have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro? I think bad leadership may have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro's king may have been mean and the citizens might have betrayed him and overthrow the King.

__** Website: [|Indus Valley] Use the website above to answer these questions. Write your answers in **complete sentences** with **clear details** on your wiki page. 1. What was discovered during the excavations of Mohenjo-Daro? During the excavation, a big mound with important buildings were found. Also, the lower town and first street was found. Houses were made in mud bricks. Also, metal plates, seals, model cart, weights, figurines, necklaces, and terracotta tablet, were found.
 * __ Assignment 2

2. How is Mohenjo-Daro similar to our cities today? The city was planned out when built. Also, the bricks we use are made similar to the one Mohenjo-Daro used. They were baked. They also had drains to take away the dirty water, like us! Drains had covers, like the ones we have. They also have underground drains where people can go in and fix them.

3. What can we learn from archaeological discoveries (such as artifacts and city construction) in Mohenjo-Daro? In Mohenjo-Daro, there are skilled craftsmen, and rich people who wear those necklaces because necklaces made with great effort were found. They also had made impressions on wet clay. The people knew about many different animals, too. They had pictures of them in seals. They had writing, which were found on seals. Children had toys. Toy carts were found. Bullocks pulled carts. They used weights for measuring. They had many clay.

4. Give clear and specific information about how people lived in Mohenjo-Daro. In your answer, you have to talk about the artifacts that you discovered and put into the museum. In Mohenjo-Daro, people had many figurines of women in special occasions. We can see a woman in a head dress in the terracotta figurine placed in the museum. Also, the clay tablet show that people used boats and carts for trades. They traded things such as copper and used it for many valuable things. Mohenjo-Daro also probably had rich people and crafts men because they have necklaces. There were seals with drawings of mystical animals. Also, rich people used copper plates.

5. What do we know about the Priest-King? The priest king is a sculpture of somebody archaeologist think is an important man or a priest. This man is wearing a gold band. Archaeologist do not know if he was a ruler, or an important person. Also, the priest king has a combed beard, tied hair, and different patterns on his clothes.

6. What was the Great Bath and how was it used? The great bath was a building archaeologists found. People think this is a large bath used for religious reasons such as purifying themselves and had wells to fill them.

**Source: IndiaSubcontinentMapTrans.jpg**
 * __ Assignment 1 __**


 * Directions: Look at the map above, read the text below, and answer the following questions on your wiki page:**

Early Indian agricultural settlements arose in the Indus-Sarasvati river region at least as far back as 6500 B.C.E. Like many other ancient peoples, the early Indians settled by rivers. They settled primarily on the banks of the Sarasvati River as well as along the banks of the Indus River. These rivers provided the ancient Indians with plenty of water, and the land near the rivers was fertile and excellent for growing crops. The rivers also provided the Indians with a convenient way to travel and trade among themselves and with other civilizations. Archeologists have found artifacts from the Indus-Sarasvati civilization - such as carved seals - in Mesopotamia's Sumer. These discoveries have led scholars to believe that the early Indians traded with Mesopotamia, possibly by traveling in ships down the Indus and Sarasvati rivers to the Arabian Sea and then west to Sumer and other locations. After the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E., the Indus-Sarasvati Indians moved to more habitable areas, such as the fertile banks of the Ganga river further east. Archeological evidence shows, however, that people settled by the Ganga River as far back as 5000 B.C.E.
 * I**n the 1990's, satellite pictures revealed an ancient, dried riverbed located in India's present-day Thar Desert. Geologists have identified this riverbed as the route of the ancient **Sarasvati River**. The Sarasvati lay east of the Indus River and generally followed the same course, originating in the Himalaya mountains and emptying into the Arabian Sea. Geologists believe that the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati evolved into the dry, hot desert that exists today.

1. In what ways is your map similar to the one that you see in the map above? The map contains the same physiographic features as my map.
 * Questions:**

2. What physiographic features can you identify on this map that are not on your map? There are mountains outside of India, a a river called Sarasvati river, and the Arabian Sea.

3. Why do you think settlements developed along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers? Explain with clear and complete details. I think the settlements developed there because the river provides silt and the Thar desert and the Kush mts. bring warm and cool weather. Also, it was convenient for trades.

4. Accurately draw and label the ancient Sarasvati River on your map.

5. Why did ancient Indian people eventually migrate to the Ganga River? The ancient Indian people migrated because the lands near the Sarasvati river became a hot, desert.

= **__ ANCIENT EGYPT __** =

=__Assignment 12__= Now that we are finished with the ancient Egypt unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about ancient Egypt. Please complete these sentences **clearly and with specific details**. Write the answers on your wiki page. If you need reminders of what we did, just scroll through the assignments on this page or look through your notes.

1. The single most important thing I learned was... The most important thing I learned was about the three kingdoms. This is very important because they show how long and powerful Egypt was.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... Something that confused me the most was the Middle Kingdom and the New kingdom. It was confusing because I wasn't sure which kingdom the Hyksos invaded Egypt in.

3. What surprised me the most was... What surprised me the most was the processes of mummification. I was surprised that the Egyptians thought the heart was more important than the brain and took the brain out!

4. I would like to know more about... I would like to know more about Thutmose the third and Hatshepsut. I want to know how Hatshepsut was found in great details and more about Thutmose the third's revenge.

5. The part that I think I will always remember was... The part I think I will always remember is the processes of mummification because the processes are disgusting, such as taking a person's organ out. This will stay in my mind for a long time.

=__Assignment 7__= Read the information here about the three kingdoms in ancient Egypt. The problem with these three paragraphs is that each paragraph does not have specific details or evidence. Your task is to find specific details and evidence from our textbook for the information presented in each paragraph about each kingdom. Then re-write the paragraph adding the new specific details and evidence you found. Write the new paragraph on your wiki page. The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE - 2200 BCE) Specific details and evidence can be found on pages 98-100 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...**
 * Part 1
 * Pyramids (definition, examples, construction details)
 * Workers
 * Importance of the pyramids

Pyramids are large triangular tombs that had a point on the top. An example of a very large pyramid is “The Great Pyramid of Khufu.” This pyramid covers 13 acres of land and is 481 feet high. This colossal pyramid took more that 2 million limestones to build. The pyramids were built first in the Old Kingdom. About 100,000 workers were needed for a single pyramid. Peasants were paid, and the government kept record of their payment. The payments were paid with goods such as grains. The Pharaoh’s importance was shown in the burial. The pyramid was supposed to symbolize the journey of the Pharaoh. It was also called the Pyramid Age.

Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 101-102 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2050 BC to 1750 BC. By the end of the Old Kingdom, the Pharaoh’s wealth and power was declined. Nobles gained power and challenged the Pharaoh. The Old Kingdom fell in the 2200BC. In 1750 BC, the Hyksos, a group people in Southwest Asia invaded with advanced technology. Later, the Ahmose of Thebes became king and got rid of the Hykos.
 * Part 2**
 * The Middle Kingdom (2100 BCE - 1800 BCE)
 * the difference with the Old Kingdom
 * what life was like during this time
 * wars or battles and who was involved

__**Part 3**__ Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...**
 * The New Kingdom (1570 BCE - 1070 BCE) **
 * Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 102-103 in our textbook.
 * what new territories were conquered
 * names of pharaoh's involved in expansion
 * wars or battles and who was involved
 * trading (who and what)

Before the New kingdom, the Hykos were occupying northern Egypt and the Nubians conquered the southern part of Egypt. Later, the Egyptians conquered the Hyksos. However, the leaders of Egypt were scared of other civilizations so started expanding their lands. The Egyptians started from the homeland of the Hyksos to most parts near the Mediterranean Sea. Also, they expanded all the way until the Euphrates River and Nubia. The success in warfare brought Egypt wealth for different civilization gave gifts and their land expanded to the trade routes. Queen Hatshepsut got many trades from Punt such as ostrich feathers, leopard skin, and more. Ramses the great fought off the Hittites. Also, Ramses the great fought off the Sea People. King Ahmose got rid of the Hyksos.

Notes from the video: - 1560 B.C.E Hyksos controlled the Nile delta. - Southern part was controlled by the Nubian. - Foreigners stayed in Egypt for 150 years. - Royal family lived in Thebes. - Foreigners were considered savages, barbarians. EGYPTIANS HATED FOREIGNERS. - Hyksos wanted to team up with Nubians

=__Assignment 6__= = **Lucy's comic:** =

=**__Assignment 5__**= They wanted to preserve it so the soul will remember its body. 2. How did they [|preserve] bodies? What is this process of preservation called? They made the bodies a mummy. They took out organs, brains, dried the bodies, and wrapped the in linen. It is called mummification. 3. Explain how the brain was removed from the dead body. Why was the brain removed? The brain was taken out by a metal rod. The rod was put into the nose of the body. The Egyptians didn't think the brain was important. 4. Name the four internal organs that were removed from the body. What was done with these organs? The four internal organs are the intestines, stomach, liver, and the lungs. They were kept in jars, with protective gods' head's jar cap. 5. What did they do with the heart? Why? The heart was left in the body. They did this because it was center of intelligence. 6. What is natron and why was it used? Using your scribble map of Egypt, name the area where natron came from? Natron is a salt like substance. It was used to drain the water. It camae from Wadi El Natrun. 7. How was [|linen] used during mummification? It was used to wrap the body. 8. What are [|amulets] and how were they used? Give two examples of amulets that were used and explain why they were used. Amulets are small things to keep out illness, etc. Examples are Scarab and Udjat. Scarabs were placed on top of the heart, and it symbolized rebirth of the sun. Udjat was the amulet for good health. 9. What happens to the body after it was mummified? A mummy mask was put on the mummy. Then is was put in a mummy case and put into the tomb. =__Assignment 4__=
 * Source:** How to Mummify Nefermaat
 * Directions:** Go to the link above to mummify a body. As you work to mummify the body, answer the following questions __**clearly and with details**__ on your wiki page.
 * 1) Why did Egyptians want to [|preserve] dead bodies?
 * Part 1:** Go to this [|site] and read about the different Egyptian gods and goddesses . Choose one of these that you would like to be and explain why you would like to be that god or goddess . Then choose one that you would __**not**__ want to be and explain why. Make sure your explanations are **middle school quality explanations**.

If I had to be one of the God or Goddess of Egypt, I would like to be Hathor. Hathor is the Goddess of love and joy. I would like to be her because I would like to be the Goddess of joy and see people being happy. I would feel good that people would be happy because of worshiping me. However, I wouldn't want to be Seth. Seth is the God of chaos. I wouldn't like to be Seth because my existence would mean disasters and chaos to the Egyptian people. I wouldn't like being a bad guy to the Egyptian people.


 * Part 2:** Compare these Egyptian gods and goddesses with the [|Mesopotamian gods and goddesses]. Did you find similar gods? Name the gods/goddesses and clearly explain the similarities? Why do you think they are similar even though Egypt and the Mesopotamian civilizations were different?

In the Mesopotamian god and goddesses, there is Anu. Anu is the god of the sky, and in the Egyptian gods, there is Horus. Horus is also the god of the sky. Also there is Bastat and Lama. Bastat is the Egyptian goddes of protection, and Lama was the Mesopotamian goddess of protection. Mesopotamia Egyptian Similarities

media type="custom" key="5003667" =__Assignment 2__=
 * Source: Read pages 93 & 94 in your online textbook**
 * Directions: Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.**

1. Read the //If YOU were there section//. How do you feel about working for the pharaoh? I would not feel good. Why couldn't the pharaoh build his own grave? I would not like having to work for someone. We won't get free time.

2. Eventually the Third Dynasty began in ancient Egypt. The Third Dynasty was the beginning of what historians call ............. . When did it start and end? It was called the Old Kingdom and started at 2700 B.C, ended 2200 B.C

3. Explain how ancient Egyptians felt about their country and their pharaoh. The Egyptians thought their country belonged to the gods and Pharaohs were sent from gods to control the country for the other gods.

4. What were the responsibilities of the pharaoh? The citizens blamed the pharaih when they had a bad harvest, or disease. Also, he had to prevent wars.

5. What is best known about the famous pharaoh, Khufu? Can you name a specific monument built for him? Khufu is well known for the monuments built for him. A specific monument is the Great Pyramid of Khufu.

6.a Clearly explain the structure of society in the Old Kingdom. (Note: This should be a long answer.) On the top of the society, there is the pharaoh. The pharaoh is a ruler, and was considered a god. Then there are nobles. The nobles are people that are from rich, and powerful families. They also controlled the government with the Pharaoh. Then there are scribes and craftsmen. They are middle classed. They produced goods. Finally, there are peasants at the bottom. They were usually slaves, farmers, or servants.

6.b. What may be some advantages and disadvantages of such a large segment of the population being farmers, servants, and slaves? The advantages are that there will be many people able to work for the Pharaoh, but people might seek revenge and overthrow the government.

6.c. What did farmers do during flood season? The farmers worked for the Pharaoh, such as building the Pharaoh's grave.

7. Clearly explain trading in ancient Egypt (what was traded and who they traded with). Traders traveled south along the Nile, and went to Nubia to get gold, copper, ivory, slaves, and stones for construction. They also traded with Syria for wood.

8. Define the word //**acquire**//. Use //**acquire**// in an original sentence Acquire means to get. I acquired candy by winning the game.

9. Using the drawing of Egyptian society on page 94, explain where Viziers would be placed? On top of the Nobles.

=__**Assignment 1**__=


 * Sources:**
 * **Carefully read your online textbook pages 88 and 89.** **(Note: Make sure you scroll down on page 89 to see more information.)**
 * **Use the map above, the maps in the //Egypt Resources// wiki page, or your Scribble Map search function**


 * Directions:**
 * **Your task is to label a map of the Nile River and ancient Egypt on your current Scribble Map. You must mark, label, or represent famous sites, cities, and other objects. //Label everything carefully//.** (Note: //Mark// means use a marker, //label// means use a text label, //represent// means draw a symbol to show the item.)
 * **You must also provide an image and a description for some of the labels. Each description must be at least three sentences long and must be clear, detailed, and specific. Your description should give us clear information to help us understand the item or place and why it was so important for ancient Egyptians.**

1. Represent and label the Nile’s Sixth Cataract to the First Cataract.

2. Label the Red Sea.

3. Represent and mark three mines and three quarries. **Provide an image and a description for each mine and quarry.**

4. Represent and label these historic sites: the Valley of the Kings, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the Sphinx, Abu Simbel, the Pharos (lighthouse in the port of Alexandria), the Bahriya Oasis and the Farafra oasis (include palm trees). **Provide an image and a description for each historic site.**

5. Mark these cities: Abydos, Thebes, Giza, Hermopolis, Memphis, Bubastis, Rosetta, Alexandria, Meroe, Khartoum, and Elephantine

6. Label these geographical features: the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nile Delta (include animals found here), the Sinai Peninsula, the Wadi el-Natrun, the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, the Nubian Desert. Include animals of the desert. **Provide an image and a description for each geographical feature.**

7. Label Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.

= __Mesopotamia__ =

=__Assignment 13__= Now that we are finished with the Mesopotamia unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about Mesopotamia. Please complete these sentences **clearly and with specific details**. Write the answers on your wiki page. If you need reminders of what we did, just scroll through the assignments on this page or look through your notes.

1. The single most important thing I learned was... The single most important thing I learned was the 6 characteristics of a civilization. This is important because if I know the characteristics, I can find out what are civilizations and what are not civilizations.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... Something that confused me was the Hittites because I wonder why the Hittites had to mix up all those languages to make their own, and why they didn't make their own religions, and copied the Babylonians.

3. What surprised me the most was... What surprised me the most was that the Hittites were the first to master iron-making. I thought someone else found out, and many people knew before.

4. I would like to know more about... I would like to know more about the Hittites and where they came from. When I saw the map, the Hittites had their own empire before. How were there life before?

5. The part that I think I will always remember was... The part that I think I will always remember was the cruelty of the Assyrians. The Assyrians skinned people and tortured them.

=__Assignment 12__= =**Characteristics of Civilization**= =**Empire Name: The Hittites**= Was it difficult to find evidence for the empire you picked? Why or why not? It was //very// difficult. THe websites given did not have specific details and only had information about iron making and how the Hittites followed the Old Bablylonians a lot.
 * Source: Read pages 76 and 77 in your online textbook**
 * Directions:** Carefully read pages 76-77 and choose one of the empires below. Research the empire you have chosen (two links are provided for each already) and complete **The Characteristics of Civilization Chart** for the empire you chose. Write **clear and detailed** answers in the chart, on your wiki page, then **answer the question** below the chart. You will also have to indicate on your Scribble Map where the civilization you chose came from.
 * ==**Six Characteristics of Civilization**== || ==**Evidence for Characteristic**== || ==**Explanation**== ||
 * A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of the society. || The Hittites had a king. They also had an army. || Arnuwanda II was a king of the Hittites. Also, they had a military force using arrows and chariots. ||
 * A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. || They had farms and trading market. || They grew crops and traded things such as barely. ||
 * Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. || They had different jobs like iron working. || They had farmers working on their farms, and the Hittites were the first to master iron working, so they had people making stuff with iron. Also, there were soldiers fighting for their Empire. ||
 * Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others. || There are different statues, such as kings, and normal farmers. || There were emperors, normal citizens, slaves, and rich people, which are all in different social levels. Emperors are in the highest status, and the slaves are in the lowest status. ||
 * A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing. || The Hittites adapted the culture of the Old Babylonians. || The Hittites had science like chariots, and they had iron tools. They also used Indo-European languages. ||
 * A religious system, which might include priests and temples. || The Hittites adopted the gods of Old Babylonians and Sumerians. || The Hittites believed in gods and had priests to preform rituals. The Hittites stole gods from other people and didn't make their own religion. ||

=**Assyrians**= []

[]

=**Hittites**= [|http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/HITTITES.HTM]

[]

=**Chaldeans**= []

[|http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/CHALDEAN.HTM] =__Assignment 11__= Go to this [|site] and read about the different Mesopotamian gods, goddesses, demons, and monsters. Choose one of these that you would like to be and explain why you would like to be that god, goddess, demon, or monster. Then choose one that you would __**not**__ want to be and explain why. Make sure your explanations are **middle school quality explanations**.

If had to choose a god to become, I would become Anu or Ellil. First of all, I would like to be Anu because Anu is the supreme leader of the gods. If I was the supreme leader, everyone would have to listen to me. Also, I think it would be cool being in charge of shooting stars. I would like to be Elllil because Ellil is described as a god so strong that no god can look up to him. Also, I think having a tablet were everything on earth's destiny would be cool. If I wanted to, I could make my enemies die right away! I would like to be these gods, but I wouldn't want to be Tiamat. Tiamat is an evil goddess that wants to hurt the other gods and goddesses. She also creates a large army of demons. I would not like to be Tiamat because Tiamat payed for her bad and evil actions. Marduk later killed Tiamat. I also wouldn't want to fight the gods. There are so many gods and I'm only a mad and evil goddess with demons!

=__Assignment 10__=
 * Source: Read pages 74 and 75 in your online textbook**
 * Directions:** Read the questions/directions carefully and write **clear and detailed** answers on your wiki page.

1. Read the "If you were there..." section on page 74. How will you advise the King? I would tell him that the rule would not be fair because nobles and normal people are both same human. 2. What happened to Ur by 2000 BCE? Ur was in ruins. Other places attacked them. 3. Where was Babylon located? Babylon is located near Euphrates river, Baghdad, Iraq. 4. Who became the king of Babylon? When did he become king? Hammurabi became king in 1792BC. 5. What is a monarch? A monarch is a ruler of a kingdom or an empire. 6. After conquering all of Mesopotamia, what did Hammurabi call his empire? Hammurabi named it the Babylonian Empire. 7. Hammurabi was a great warrior and leader. What other skills did he have? He had skills for the irrigation system, building, taxes, and laws. 8. What is Hammurabi's Code? What areas of daily life did the code cover? Hammurabi's code are his 282 laws. It covered, trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury, and murder. 9. Give two reasons why Hammurabi's Code was important. It was important because it was all written down for his people to see. It was also important because his laws were the first written detailed laws. 10. What eventually happened to the Babylonian Empire? How is this similar to what happened to the Akkadian Empire? After Hammurabi's death, the Babylonian Empire fell. It is similar because after Sargon's death, the Akkadian Empire fell because of attacks. Both kings couldn't defend the country from the foreign attacks. 11. Read the different laws in the [|Code of Hammurabi on this site] and choose **three** that you think are interesting. __**Copy**__ the three laws and their **numbers** onto your page. Then for **each** law, explain why you think it's interesting. You can write about if you disagree or agree with the law or if you think the law is a good law or a cruel law. 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. I think this is interesting because now, people are killed after investigation. I agree because a robber must die. It does not have the right to live. If one starts stealing, they will have a habit of stealing.

37. If any one buy the field, garden, and house of a chieftain, man, or one subject to quit-rent, his contract tablet of sale shall be broken (declared invalid) and he loses his money. The field, garden, and house return to their owners This is interesting because now, we can buy and sell lands and not be punished. I do not agree with this law. The person who bought the land should not have their money taken away. That is unfair because the owner of the house was in the deal, too.

55. If any one open his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water flood the field of his neighbor, then he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss. This is interesting because this still happens. If you break other properties, you have to pay for them. I strongly agree, because all farmers should be careful with the irrigation system.

=__Assignment 9__= After playing the Trader's game, answer the following questions in complete sentences on your page. You can copy and paste these questions into your page. Then go to the **discussion tabs** of at least three other classmates and make **good quality middle school comments** about your classmates answers to the questions about the Trader's game. You can make comments to your classmates about if you agree or disagree with their point of viewor comments about how good their answers and ideas are. __**Trader's Circuit questions**__ 1. What part of the game did you like the best? Why? The best part was the negotiating part because I got to talk to my friends and make deals about trading. 2. During the game, how did you feel and why did you feel that way? I felt excited during the game because it was thrilling to trade with my friends and trying to win was also very fun. 3. What part of the game was difficult for you? The negotiating was the most difficult but it was interesting. It was hard because some friends wanted certain things and wouldn't trade me things I didn't need. 4. In your opinion, what advantage is there to having a monopoly of an entire product/resource such as dates or jewelry? The advantage is the changes you can make in the price. With an entire resource of things, you can increase the price of the product because you are the only one who has it. 5. What part of the game would you change if you played it again? Why? If I had to change it, I would make a rule about the order of how the game is played. 6. In this game, was it better to cooperate with another player or to be selfish and try to get all the products/resources for yourself? Why? It was better to cooperate because if you hog the resources, people would not trade with you and the game would no longer be fun. = = =__Assignment 8__= Use your online textbook pages 63 & 64 to answer these questions clearly and with details on your wiki page. Make sure to look through the **whole page** in your textbook and the links for the vocabulary when answering some of the questions.


 * 1) Where did the Akkadians live?
 * 2) What was their relationship with the Sumerians like before the 2300s B.C.E.?
 * 3) Who was Sargon and what did he do?
 * 4) What did Sargon establish?
 * 5) Define 'empire'.
 * 6) Explain two examples why Sargon is considered a great leader.
 * 7) How long did Sargon rule his empire?
 * 8) What eventually happened to the Akkadian Empire?
 * 9) Who eventually became the most powerful civilization in Mesopotamia again?
 * 10) Using the picture of the City-State of Ur, what can you see in the picture that shows Ur was an advanced city?

Answers :
 * 1) The Akkadians lived in the north of Sumer.
 * 2) The relationship between the Sumerians were peaceful.
 * 3) Sargon was the Akkidian emperor and later rebelled against the Sumerian rulers and took over their cities. He was also a powerful king.
 * 4) Sargon established the first empire.
 * 5) Empire is a land with different territories and peoples under a single rule.
 * 6) He was considered a good leader because he gained loyalty from his soldiers by eating with them. Also, after he has died, his Empire was chaos after a half a century and was taken over by Ur. He was the first leader to have his soldiers keep bows and arrows.
 * 7) Sargon ruled for more than 50 years.
 * 8) After Sargon's death, the hostility of the east tribes caused centuries of chaos in the empire and eventually it was replaced with the emperor of Ur.
 * 9) The Sumerians eventually became the most powerful civilization.
 * 10) Ur had thick walls, many buildings, stores, temples, farms outside the wall, canals, and had docks.

=__Assignment 7__= Using **The Six Characteristics of a Civilization** (see below1)**,** answer the following questions **clearly** and with **details** on your wiki page. = = 1. Is Korea/ the U.S. a civilization according to the six characteristics explained in class? Provide one example from Korea/the U.S. for each characteristic. Korea is a civilization. It has a government, there are presidents. We are democratic. It has regular food supplies. Some people still farm. We have many different types of jobs including education, government, law, etc. There are different social levels because some people are rich and some people are not. The culture is highly developed in Korea. We have K-Pop, buildings, novels, etc. There is a religious system because there are temples, and churches. 2. Does a civilization, in your opinion, need to have all of the characteristics mentioned? Why or why not? I think a civilization doesn't need all of the characteristics. For example, we don't need any social classes. Social classes aren't necessary. We can all be in the same status.

1. A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of the society. 2. A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. 3. Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. 4. Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others. 5. A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing. 6. A religious system, which might include priests and temples. = = =__Assignment 5__= Using your sheet from class about Sumerian achievements, which achievements would go under each of these categories? (For example, devotional statues would be under the religion category.) For government, there are city-states/king, Organized Armies, and written law. For culture, there are Games, Music, Mathematics, Arch, and Cuneiform. In religion there are devotional statues, and Ziggurat. In jobs, there are Medicine, Irrigation, Metalworking, Sailboat, Wheel and Plow.
 * The Six Characteristics of a Civilization:**
 * Government
 * Culture
 * Religion
 * Jobs

=__Assignment 4__= Go to this site ([|Sumerian Inventions]) and look at the //**Early Inventions**// section. Choose __**three**__ Sumerian inventions that you think are important for us today. In your own words, explain clearly and with details why these __**three**__ Sumerian inventions are important for us __**today**__.

The three important inventions that was made was the frying pan, first written language, and pottery. The frying pan is very important because without it, we couldn't have yummy foods like sunny side up eggs because we wouldn't have the utensil to cook it. Without written language, we couldn't have communicate or we couldn't have read awesome books like Number the Stars. Also, we couldn't have known a lot about history. People wrote about history, but if we couldn't write, we couldn't have known clearly about the history. Pottery is important because without it, we wouldn't have plates, which means that we will use rocks or the floor for plates and we will get diseases easily. =__Assignment 3__= Answer the following questions and define the vocabulary (if any) __clearly__ and with __details__ on your wiki page.** **Use the handouts from class called** **//Event C://** //**Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System**// **&** //**Event D: Attacks by Neighboring Communities**// **to help you answer the questions.**
 * Are you smarter than a Neolithic person?

1. What was the first simple method farmers used to get water to their fields from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? People used buckets and just brought water. 2. How did farmers prevent flooding? They built natural earth walls called levees to stop the water overflowing. 3. Over time, carrying buckets of water to the fields was too difficult. Please __**clearly**__ explain how levees, canals, dams, and reservoirs were used to make life easier for farmers? Levees blocked floods. They controlled the direction of the water with canals. Dams also blocked water. Reservoirs are things that hold water. If we need extra water reservoir. 4. Which word means an extra supply of something such as food? It is surplus. 5. What could happen if one canal was clogged? It could wreck the WHOLE irrigation system because different villages are connected. 6. How did different villages take care of the complex irrigation system? Villages cooperated and regularly maintained the entire irrigation system.
 * Event C: Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System**

1. How did Mesopotamian villages help each other? People worked together, built and maintain the irrigation system together. People from different villages worked together regularly. 2. How were people, who lived very far apart, connected to each other? They were connected by canals. 3. What did many villages grow into? They grew into towns and cities. 4. What do we call the region in Mesopotamia that had many growing cities and towns? What are the people called that come from this region? It is called Sumer and the people are Sumerians. 5. How could one city stop the water from reaching another city? They built new dams that blocked other cities canals. 6. Why was it easy to attack other cities on the Mesopotamian plains? There were no things to defend villages. There were no mountain ranges nor rushing rivers. 7. What defense plan is best to protect a city? They built great walls around the city.
 * Event D: Attacks by Neighboring Communities**

=__Assignment 2__= Answer the following questions and define the vocabulary (if any) __clearly__ and with __details__ on your wiki page.** **Use the handouts from class called** **//Event B: Uncontrolled Water Supply//** **to help you answer the questions.**
 * Are you smarter than a Neolithic person?

1. What two major problems did farmers have as they tried to grow their crops on the Mesopotamian river plains? The two major problems was that sometimes there were droughts and sometimes there were floods. 2. How did they solve these problems? They solved the flood by making walls out of bricks, and stopped the drought by making pathways so water can flow. 3. Where did the melted snow that caused flooding come from? The melted snow came from the Zagros mountains. = = =__Assignment 1__= Answer the following questions and define the vocabulary clearly and with details on your wiki page.** **Use the handout from class called //Event A: Food Shortage to// help you answer the questions.** 1. What helped the human population to grow in Mesopotamia? People got settled down because they started agriculture. They increased food supply. They had more long-lasting houses. 2. What does cultivate mean? Cultivate means to grow. 3. By 5000 B.C.E. what major problem did the farmers in the Zagros hills have? There was a food shortage. They didn't have enough land. 4. Using the choices in the critical thinking section of your handout, what is the best way to deal with the food shortage? Why? The best way is to increase the number of times the farmer farms because if you fight, it will cause war, and if you go to the river plains, it will rain and going back to gathering will be bad because you will give up all the work. = = =__**EARLY HUMANS**__ =
 * Event B: Uncontrolled Water Supply**
 * Are you smarter than a Neolithic person?
 * Food Shortage**

=__Assignment 9__= Now that we are finished with the Early Humans unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about Early Humans. Please complete these sentences clearly and with specific details. Write the answers on your wiki page.

1. The single most important thing I learned was... The most important thing I learned was that agriculture changed lots of things in our history. Without agriculture, we would still be hunting.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... Something that confused me was about the Catal Huyuk. Catal Huyuk confused me because in Catal Huyuk, the village was divided. I was confused why people would divide the town because a person got beat up. Another thing is how we found out about domestication.

3. What surprised me the most was... People had surgery.

4. I would like to know more about... I would like to learn more about how people started making sturdier houses.

5. The part that I think I will always remember was... The part I would remember is that agriculture was a revolution. It changed our lives completely. Also, I would remember Lucy because that is my name! =<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Assignment 8__ = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Use these two videos about Catal Huyuk to answer these questions __**clearly**__ and __**completely**__ on your wiki page. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1. What are three things about daily life in Catal Huyuk that surprised you? Why did they surprise you? First of all, the women was not able to choose who they want to marry. This surprised me because it is not fair not to let the woman choose. Second, the father chose his daughter's husband by just looking at engagement gifts. This was surprising because they didn't look for personality, appearance, or anything! Lastly, I was surprised that there were fights between a village. I thought everything would be peaceful. The surgery was also surprising. I never knew they had surgery!
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Catal Huyuk video 1
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="wiki_link_new">Catal Huyuk video 2

2. What are three things about daily life in Catal Huyuk you knew already from class? I already knew that people lived in groups. I also knew that people had stronger houses. I also knew that they had languages.

3. Jookie is a 12 year old living in Catal Huyuk. __**Explain**__ three ways her life is different than yours. (Note: Simply saying you have cell phones and she doesn't is an unacceptable answer.) In Jookie's life, people couldn't communicate except talking. Nowadays, we can just text each other or email each other. Second, Jookie didn't have cars, so they walked on foot, but I ride cars. Lastly, Jookie ate simple things, such as roasted meat, or grain, but now we make more food, such as spaghetti, pizza, and hamburgers. =<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Assignment 7__ = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Answer these questions **clearly** and **completely** on your wiki page. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">1. What was the main difference between life in the Paleolithic period and life in the Neolithic period? The main difference in life was that their tools and skills. They also started farming. 2. How did people's lives change as they began to domesticate plants and animals during the Neolithic period? People's life got easier. They didn't have to move around. They grew their population. 3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of the changes in daily life that occurred as a result of the development of agriculture? Some advantages of changes are that they had more time, they grew more skills, and they were more settled. Some disadvantages are that they didn't migrate a lot. I also think they had more resposibilities. Also, because they are settled, they might have wars with other civilizations. They needed more water.

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Assignment 6__ = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Use your online textbook (p. 40 & p. 41) to answer these questions __**clearly**__ and __**completely**__. Please put your answers on your wiki page.

1. Read the paragraph in the //Beginnings of Agriculture// section on p.40 and answer the question (How could this discovery change your life?). The discovery will change my life because I don't have to move to different places. You don't have to hunt or gather. Also you don't have to worry about poisonous berries.

Read //The First Farmers// and //Plants// section on p.41 and answer these questions: 2. What is another name for the New Stone Age? Another name for the New Stone age is the Neolithic Era.

3. What kinds of tools did people make during this time? What do you think they used these tools for? People made saws and drills out of polished rocks. I think they used these for cutting hard things(trees). Also, they can skin an animal. You can make other things.

4. In the textbook it says that people during the Neolithic period could now __**make**__ fire. Which hominid would this be? The hominid will be the Homo Sapiens. That's us! :P

5. When we changed from gathering food to growing food, historians called it the Neolithic Revolution. Why do you think it's called a revolution? I think it is called a revolution because it was a great change.

6. What is the definition for the word 'domestication'? Domestication means <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans.

7. Using the map on p.41, which animals were domesticated in Asia? The animals that domesticated in Asia are horse, cattle, sheep, and goat.

8. Using the map on p.41, where was corn first domesticated? Corn was first domesticated in North America (Mexico).

9. If you were a farmer, how would your life be different than a hunter and gatherer. Give three ways your life would be different. If I was a farmer, my life would be different from being a hunter and gatherer because my life will be more settled. Also, because I don't hunt, I wouldn't have to risk my life. Lastly, I won't have to worry about poisonous berries while gathering. = = =<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**__Assignment 4__** = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Please read pages 29 & 30 from your online textbook and answer these questions __**clearly** and in **complete sentences** on your wiki page__.

1. On which continent were Lucy and other hominids found? Lucy and the other hominids were found in Africa. 2. What is the scientific name of Lucy? The scientific name of Lucy is //Australopithecus//. 3. How long ago did Lucy live? Lucy lived about 3million years ago. 4. What was an important step in human development? The important step in human development was the learning how to cook with fire and walking completely upright in two legs. 5. Describe and explain how these hominids are different from each other. Use the charts about the hominids on page 30 to help you with the answer. Make sure your answer is **clear and detailed.** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">6. Which hominid is us now? =**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">We are HOMO SAPIENS! YAY :) **=
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Australopithecus-The name //Australopithecus// means southern ape//,// they appeared about 4-5 million years ago. They stood upright and walked on two legs. Their brain was about one-third of the modern human brain.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Homo habilis- The name means "Handy Man" They appeared about 2.5million years ago, they used early stone tools, chopping and scraping and their brain is half as big as modern humans
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Homo erectus- The name means "Upright man" appeared in Africa 2-1.5 million years ago. They used early stone tools like a hand axe. They learned to control fire. They moved from Africa to Asia and Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Homo sapiens- The name means "wise man" and they appeared about 200,000 years ago. They migrated around the world, they are the same species as modern human beings. They learned to create fire and use a wide variety of tools. and the also developed their own language.

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Assignment 3__ = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Please answer the following questions on your wiki page. 1. What is your role in the 'Creation of a Puppet Show' project? My role is the script director. 2. How will you make sure you perform your role well during this project? I will cooperate with my group and write a script with equal amount of lines for everyone. 3. How will you deal with problems (if they happen) in your group? We will talk over it and find a fair solution.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Assignment 2__
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1. What century were the castles in Europe built? It was built on the 11th century. 2. How many years are between the invention of the light bulb and the invention of the automobile? There are 14 years between the invention of the light bulb and the automobile. 3. Which decade did Columbus reach the Americas? Columbus reached the Americas in the 1490's. 4. About how many centuries are between the invention of the paper money in China and castles built Europe? There is about 1 century between the invention of the paper money in China and castles built in Europe. 5. How many decades are between when paper money was invented in China and when castles are built in Europe? 9 decades are between those 2 events.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**__Assignment 1__**
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1. Were you born in a BCE year or an CE year? I was born in a CE year. 2. Put the following dates in order: AD 2000, 3100 BC, 15 BCE, AD 476, AD 3, CE 1215 3100 BC, 15 BCE, AD 3, AD 476, CE 1215, AD 2000 3. If you read that an event happened c. AD 1000, what would that mean? This means that they are not sure if it happened exactly on AD 1000. The "c." part means "about". <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">